Kamis, 12 September 2013

MEANING POSTULATES



 MEANING POSTULATES


Written by: Gina Tria Astuti


In this case, I will try to shape of linguistic semanticist’s dictionary. Dictionary  is a list  of predicates and their sense. Each of predicate there is dictionary enter which lists the sense properties of that predicate  and the sense relations between  it and other  predicate.

1.      Definition id postulate  is a formula expressing some aspect of the sense
of a predicate. It can be read as a proposition necessarily true by virtue of the
meaning of the particular predicates involved.

Example :   x MAN1    x HUMAN BEING.

This example expresses the fact that man (in sense 1) is a synonym of human being. It is a generalization covering anything to which the predicate man1 is applied.

 In this, two hyponymy relations between predicates are directly represented. A further
hyponymy relation, not directly represented, may be deduced from these entries. Write it down in the notation for meaning postulates.
Example:
1.         PARROT:          x PARROT        x BIRD
    BIRD    :           x BIRD                 x ANIMAL
    x PARROT          x ANIMAL

In short time, that parrot is hyponym of bird and that bird  is hyponym of animal. And there is not explicitly that parrot is a hyponym of animal.

2.      Definition of contradiction is  most centrally a logical term. The basic form of a
logical contradiction is p & ~ p. Anything that is clearly an instance of this
basic logical contradiction, e.g. John is here and John is not here, can be called
a contradiction.
            Example:  The teacher teach the student while he is sleeping

3.      Definition of anomaly is ANOMALY is semantic oddness (as opposed to
grammatical oddness) that can be traced to the meanings of the predicates in the sentence concerned.
            Example : Student teach the teachers
                             Mom are reading newspaper while dad cooking in the kitchen.
Basically anomaly tend  to be contradiction. It can be deduce logically from  the step of anomaly to the toward contradiction, see Example below:


This idea is tall
(example of anomaly)


This idea is an idea
(logically true sentence or tautology, tautologies are admissible as step in a  deduction)

This idea is abctract
(deduce from meaning postulate relating idea and abstract)


This idea is concrete
(deduce  from meaning postulate relating red and concrete)
 


This idea is not abstract
(deduce from meaning postulate representing binary antonymy of concrete and abstract

This idea is abstract and this idea is not abstract
(contradiction of the logical form P&~P)


4.      Write meaning postulate  to account for the hyponymy between the following pairs of two place predicate:
x FATHER y  x PARENT y. This is paraphrase able as : If X is Y’s father, then X is Y’s parent.
Another example:
1.      See, read               : If  X  SEE Y, then X READ Y(use verb)
2.      Uncle ,Relation     : if  is Y’s UNCLE, then X RELATION Y

5.      Case  of binary antonymy between two place predicate .Meaning postulate, using the negative to account for  the antonymy the following pairs:
Example :
1.      Good, bad                         : x GOOD y ~x BAD y
2.      Cleaver, fool         : x CLEAVER y ~ x FOOL y

6.      Converse relationship can also be expressed in term of meaning postulate. Meaning postulate using ≡ to account for the synonymy of the following pairs:
Example:
1.      Today, Tomorrow             :  x TODAY y  ≡ y TOMORROW x
2.      Grandparent, grandchild   :  x  GRANPARENT y ≡ y GRANDCHILD x

7.      Selection restriction apply to two place predicate. Restriction may effect  the expression in the ‘subject position’ (the x slot) or the expression in the’ object position’ (the y slot). Strike  is restricted  to concrete object. John stuck the table is fine but john stuck motherhood is not. A  meaning postulate to express this fact  can be formulate as follows: x STRIKE y y CONCRETE.
Example:
1.      Buy requires money object
x BUY y y MONEY
2.      Nourish requires an animate object
x NOURISH y ANIMATE.

8.      The factor  of time involved  in a large number of other send relation between predicate. Any predicate  whose meaning involve a change of state will need some mention of time. This sentence below is a complex sentence containing a before and an after (or equivalent) that is entailed by the first sentence.
Example:
1.      Toni left the house  at night entails
Toni was not the house before at night and he was the house after night
2.       Wahadi  joined the test  while he was in Jakarta
Wahadi couldn’t join the test before he was in Jakarta and he could join the test aster he was in Jakarta.

Conclusion
            The meaning postulates play  a control part in traditional approach to constructing a semantic dictionary. Meaning postulate  can be use to deduce information  about sense relation, hyponymy and some of antonymy , selection and anomaly. Hyponymy relations and selection restrictions are expressed by meaning postulates that look formally alike. Anomaly is seen as an indirect case of contradiction.

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