MEANING POSTULATES
Written by: Gina Tria Astuti
In this case, I will try to shape of linguistic
semanticist’s dictionary. Dictionary is
a list of predicates and their sense.
Each of predicate there is dictionary enter which lists the sense properties of
that predicate and the sense relations
between it and other predicate.
1. Definition
id postulate is a formula expressing
some aspect of the sense
of a predicate.
It can be read as a proposition necessarily true by virtue of the
meaning of the
particular predicates involved.
Example : x MAN1 ≡ x HUMAN BEING.
This example
expresses the fact that man (in sense 1) is a synonym of human being. It is a
generalization covering anything to which the predicate man1 is applied.
In this, two hyponymy relations between predicates
are directly represented. A further
hyponymy
relation, not directly represented, may be deduced from these entries. Write it
down in the notation for meaning postulates.
Example:
1.
PARROT:
x PARROT →
x BIRD
BIRD : x BIRD → x
ANIMAL
x PARROT → x ANIMAL
In short time,
that parrot is hyponym of bird and
that bird is hyponym of animal. And there is not explicitly that parrot is a hyponym of animal.
2.
Definition of contradiction is most centrally a logical term. The basic form of a
logical contradiction is p & ~ p. Anything that is clearly
an instance of this
basic logical
contradiction, e.g. John is here and John is not here, can be called
a
contradiction.
Example:
The teacher teach the student while he
is sleeping
3. Definition
of anomaly is ANOMALY is semantic oddness (as opposed to
grammatical
oddness) that can be traced to the meanings of the predicates in the sentence
concerned.
Example
: Student teach the teachers
Mom are reading newspaper while dad
cooking in the kitchen.
Basically
anomaly tend to be contradiction. It can
be deduce logically from the step of
anomaly to the toward contradiction, see Example below:
This idea is tall
(example
of anomaly)
This idea is an idea
(logically true sentence or tautology, tautologies are admissible
as step in a deduction)
This idea is abctract
(deduce from meaning postulate relating idea and abstract)
|
This idea is concrete
(deduce from meaning postulate relating red and concrete)
This idea is not abstract
(deduce from meaning postulate representing binary antonymy of
concrete and abstract
|
This idea is abstract and this idea is
not abstract
(contradiction
of the logical form P&~P)
|
4. Write
meaning postulate to account for the
hyponymy between the following pairs of two place predicate:
x FATHER y →
x PARENT y. This is paraphrase able as : If X is Y’s father, then X is Y’s
parent.
Another example:
1.
See, read : If X SEE
Y, then X READ Y(use verb)
2.
Uncle ,Relation :
if is Y’s UNCLE, then X RELATION Y
5. Case of binary antonymy between two place
predicate .Meaning postulate, using the negative to account for the antonymy the following pairs:
Example :
1.
Good, bad :
x GOOD y→ ~x BAD y
2.
Cleaver, fool :
x CLEAVER y → ~ x FOOL y
6. Converse
relationship can also be expressed in term of meaning postulate. Meaning
postulate using ≡ to account for the synonymy of the following pairs:
Example:
1.
Today, Tomorrow : x TODAY y
≡ y TOMORROW x
2.
Grandparent, grandchild : x GRANPARENT y ≡ y GRANDCHILD x
7.
Selection restriction apply to two place predicate.
Restriction may effect the expression in
the ‘subject position’ (the x slot) or the expression in the’ object position’
(the y slot). Strike is restricted to concrete object. John stuck the table is fine but john stuck motherhood is not.
A meaning postulate to express this
fact can be formulate as follows: x
STRIKE y → y CONCRETE.
Example:
1.
Buy requires money object
x BUY y →
y MONEY
2.
Nourish requires an animate object
x NOURISH →
y ANIMATE.
8. The
factor of time involved in a large number of other send relation
between predicate. Any predicate whose
meaning involve a change of state will need some mention of time. This sentence
below is a complex sentence containing a before and an after (or equivalent)
that is entailed by the first sentence.
Example:
1.
Toni left the house
at night entails
Toni was not the house before at night and he was the
house after night
2.
Wahadi joined the test while he was in Jakarta
Wahadi couldn’t join the test before he was in Jakarta
and he could join the test aster he was in Jakarta.
Conclusion
The
meaning postulates play a control part
in traditional approach to constructing a semantic dictionary. Meaning postulate can be use to deduce information about sense relation, hyponymy and some of
antonymy , selection and anomaly. Hyponymy
relations and selection restrictions are expressed by meaning postulates that
look formally alike. Anomaly is seen as an indirect case of contradiction.
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