TUGAS MID SEMESTER 2

SOCIOLINGUISTICS / BIS 314

Pend Bhs Inggris S2

Dr Yan Mujiyanto

 WRITTEN BY GINA

1.     Describe some aspects of your own speech which show how it varies from the speech of certain other people you know. Do you pronounce words differently, use different word forms, choose different words, or use different grammatical structures? How do you view, i.e., judge, the speech of those who speak differently from you?

I came from Pekalongan but now, I stay in Pemalang. Pekalongan has different

accent with the people in Pemalang. The accents which may differ are dealing with the pronunciation, stress and intonation. Below the  speech between Pekalongan and Pemalang speech:

a.                   In Pekalongan the words “sega” is pronounced “sege” in pemalang.

The word ”lima” is pronounced “lime” in Pemalang. The stress and intonation

are different.

b.                   In Pekalongan the word “longko”. Its mean few and is pronounced “langka”

            In Pemalang . Its mean nothing. The stress and intonation is different

c.                    Pekalongan    : the statement such as ” apak  lunga ring pasar” be uttered with

 rising intonation

Pemalang       : Says “ pak lungo ning pasar”

d.                   My point of view that people  speak  differently  in different  social  contexts

 an in different place.

2.     If men and women speak differently, is it because the common language they share has a gender bias, because boys and girls are brought up differently, or because part of ‘gender marking’ is the linguistic choices one can – indeed, must – make?

Yes, women use more standard forms than men, and men use more vernacular

forms than women / women use more ing-forms than men and fewer ing-forms in

words like coming or running

3.     For Labov and other sociolinguists the vernacular is very important. What do you understand by this term? When do you use such a variety? How easy or difficult is self-observation of that variety?

a.       Vernacular is a language which has not been standardized or codified and which does not have official status (unmodified or standardized variety).

b.      When we go or visit to some place or new place where they all use their original  vernacular

c.       Easy, because that  vernacular still familiar to me

4.     Standard languages are usually based on an existing dialect of the language. For example, the British variety of English is based, historically at least, on the dialect of the area surrounding London. What can you find out about the difficulties of choosing a variety for standardization in Indonesia, Singapore, and East Timor?

    The standard of English is useful for communication between areas of dialect diversity 

    especially in countries where the British have had a colonial influence. Singapore as 

    colonial area from British has local varieties of English. In Singapore British English still

    endorsed by the government as the appropriate target variety in school and official

    communications rather than the local Singapore English. While in Indonesia since Indonesia

    is an ex colonial area from Holland, there is no standard English to use even that English is 

    still a foreign language, but in East Timor, the dialect of the language is protégées and

    protégées is also an ex colonial area of British so English is a second language which might 

    found many other English varieties.

5.     What are some other variants you are aware of for each of the following sentences: ‘I haven’t any money,’ ‘I ain’t done it yet,’ ‘He be farmer,’ ‘Give it me,’ ‘It was me what told her’? Who uses each variant? On what occasions?

a.      ‘ I haven’t any money is standard English

b.     ‘I ain’t done it yet.  Is not standard. In generally is ‘ I am not done it yet’

c.      ‘He be farmer’ is not aware with grammatical standard. The correct  is ‘ He is farmer’

d.     ‘Give it me’ is not aware wrong preposition. The correct is’ Give it to me’

e.      ‘It was me what told her’ this is influenced mother tongue, in generally is ‘ It was me what she told’.

6.     The fact that Standard English can be spoken with a variety of accents often poses certain difficulties for the teaching of English in non-English speaking countries. What are some of the problems you might encounter and how might you try to solve them?

a.        The background  of the story that many part of English and  wales, standard

 English have lost pronunciation such as [r] whether in pre-vocalic[r] or

 post-vocalic [r]. And person who use accent post- vocalic Are called ’rhotic”

 while this rhotic sill  alive and still extensively used and Amirican accent is

 rhotic But eastern New England  is generally unrhotic. Rhotic and unrhotic are

 inflating pattern. The solving problem is letting the students using accent

 vocalic [r] or without vocalic [r]

b.       difficulties how to pronounce the sound of phonetic like ;u,i, æ, ә, etc.

The solving problem are;

-  teach the correct phonetic example;  ( bag /bæg/ )., (beg / bεg/ )

-  Give many drillings how to pronounce correctly

-  Give many drilling of pronouncing.

7.       Pidgins and creoles have been said to have ‘the grammar of one language and the vocabulary of another.’ In what sense is such a statement true, false, or a bit of both?

It is true that the grammar for one language and the vocabulary of another since that pidgin is a language used for communication between differ language users for people whose first language differ whereas creole is when pidgin becomes the language of newly-born generations as a mother-tongue or first language, and acquires additional vocabulary and grammatical structures to serve their various necessary communicative needs.

Pidgin results a new language which come from the variety of some languages, if it functions to communicate with each other. When one group speak a prestigeous world language  and the other groups use local vernaculars, the prestige language tends to supply more of the vocabulary while vernacular languages have more influence on the grammar and a creole will show up when pidgin has expanded in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required as a first language.

8.     Some communities regard bilingualism as a serious threat; it has even been referred to as a ‘Trojan horse,’ initially attractive but ultimately fatal. Why might this be so? (Consider the experience of migration and also the sorry state of many minority languages in the world.)

Because: basically community group has original language from generation to generation. They use the similar attitude and use the same vowels. Recently, the fact it has been invited by more recent immigrant from many countries specially like tourists. The study revealed the attitudes of the new comer were reflected in the way to pronounce words. When the new comers dominant use the own language soon or later the new comers move the original vernacular form. Then the vernacular lost and was replaced by the new language (which came from the immigrant).

9.     Code-switching and borrowing are different phenomena. Try to distinguish between the two!

Code-switching: it is to move from one code such as; language, dialect, or style to another  during  speech  for  a  number  of  reasons  such,  to  signal  solidarity,  to

reflect one's ethnic identity, to show off, to hide some information from a third

party, to achieve better explanation of a certain concept, to converge or reduce

social  distance  with  the  hearer,  to  diverge  or  increase  social  distance  or  to

impress and persuade the audience  and  Lexical  borrowing: it  results  from 

the  lack  of  vocabulary  and  it  involves borrowing  single  words – mainly  nouns.

When  speaking a  second  language, people will often use a term from their first

language because they don't know the  appropriate  word  in  their  second 

language. They also my  borrow  words from  another  language  to  express

a  concept  or  describe  an  object  for  which there is no obvious word available in

the language they are using.

Then the distinguish both above is Code switching involves a choice  between 

the  words  of  two  languages  or varieties, but Lexical borrowing is resulted from

the lack of vocabulary.

110.Hypercorrect linguistic behavior is not at all unusual. What examples do you know of? Who gives evidence of such behavior, and on what occasions?

a.       Example: the use of 'I' rather than me' in the context from “He asks for you and I”

b.      The giver evidence:  King George

c.        On occasion: King George VI write to Churchill