RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Oleh:

Nama : SUGIASTUTI

DEGREES OF COMPIRATION

Comparison can be made using the three forms of the adjective.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Adjective is a word and it qualifies a noun. It gives more information about the noun.Adjectives are of three degrees. (1) Positive (2) Comparative (3) Superlative .

The Positive degree denotes the mere existence of quality : ‘ David is a rich man’.

The Comparative degree is used to compare two persons or things having the same quality.: ‘Cancel is more dreadful than cholera’. The Superlative degree is used when more than two persons or things are compared. It is singles one from all the rest: Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.

Study the following models.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Very few boys in the class are as *tall* as John.	John is *taller* than any other boys in the class.	John is the tallest boy in the class.
Very few boys in the class are as *tall* as John.	John is *taller* than most other boys in the class.	John is one of the tallest boy in the class.

Adjective and Adverbs have three degrees, Positive, Comparative and Superlative.

1. Positive Degree :

The Pasitive Degree is used to denote the mere existence of quality.

The Positive Degree of an adjective in comparison is the adjective in its simple form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about. It is used when no comparison is made.

· It is a tall building.

· Apple is sweet to taste.

2. Comparative Degree

The Comparative Degree is used to compare the qualities of two persons or things.

The Comparative Degree denotes the existence of a higher degree of the quality than the positive. It is used when two things (or two sets of things) are compared.

· This building is taller than any other building.

· Apple is sweeter than pear.

3. Superlative Degree

The Superlative Degree denotes the existence of the highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things are compared.

This is the tallest building.
Apple is the sweetest fruit.

The Superlative Degree is used when more than two nouns or things are compared.

Johnsy is kind (Positive Degree)
Johnsy is kinder than Rosy (Comparative Degree)
Johnsy is the kindest of all (Superlative Degree)

4. List of Degrees of Comparison

MODEL-1: By adding ‘er’ and ‘est’
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
bright	brighter	brightest
black	blacker	blackest
bold	bolder	boldest
clever	cleverer	cleverest
cold	colder	coldest
fast	faster	fastest
great	greater	greatest
high	higher	highest
kind	kinder	kindest
long	longer	longest
small	smaller	smallest
strong	stronger	strongest
sweet	sweeter	sweetest
tall	taller	Tallest
young	younger	youngest

MODEL-2: By adding ‘r’ and ‘st’
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
brave	braver	bravest
fine	finer	Finest
large	larger	largest
nice	nicer	Nicest
noble	nobler	noblest
pale	paler	Palest
simple	simpler	simplest
wise	wiser	Wisest
white	whiter	whitest

MODEL-3:

By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ and ‘iest’
POSITIVE		COMPARATIVE		SUPERLATIVE
Costly		costlier		costliest
Dry		drier		driest
Easy		easier		easiest
Happy		happier		happiest
Heavy		heavier		heaviest
Lazy		lasier		lasiest
Mercy		mercier		merciest
Wealthy		wealthier		wealthiest
MODEL-4: By doubling the final consonats
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE		SUPERLATIVE
big	Bigger		biggest
dim	dimmer		dimmest
fat	Fatter		fattest
hot	Hotter		hottest
thin	thinner		thinnest
MODEL-5: By using more and most
POSITIVE		COMPARATIVE		SUPERLATIVE
active		more active		most active
attractive		more attractive		most attractive
beautiful		more beautiful		most beautiful
brilliant		more brilliant		most brilliant
careful		more careful		most careful
courageous		more courageous		most courageous
cunning		more cunning		most cunning
difficult		more difficult		most difficult
famous		more famous		most famous
faithful		more faithful		most faithful
proper		more proper		most proper
popular		more popular		most popular
splendid		more splendid		most splendid

MODEL-6:

Irregular Comparisons
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
bad	worse	Worst
evil	worse	Worst
good	better	Best
ill	worse	Worst
far	farther	farthest
well	better	Best
late	later	Latest
little	less	Least
much	more	Most
many	more	Most
near	nearer	nearest
old	older	Oldest
old	elder	Eldest

Changes of Degrees of Comparison

Comparison between two things.

Model-1 :

Positive	Comparative
Johnsy is as clever as Rosy	Rosy is not clever than Johnsy
Benjamin is atleast as tall as Jane	Jane is not taller than Benjamin

Model-2 :

Comparative	Positive
Lazar is brighter than Stalin	Stalin is not so bright as Lazar

Model-3 : (the + Superlative)

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
Akthar is the richest man in Kanpur	Akthar is richer than any other man in Kanpur	No other man in Kanpur is so rich as Akthar

Model-4 : (one of the + Superlative)

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
London is one of the biggest city in England	London is bigger than most other city in England	Very few cities in England are so big as London

Model-5 : (Superlative + of all)

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
Sheakespear is the greatest of all dramatists	Shakespeare is greater than all other dramatists	No other dramatist is so great as Shakespeare

Model-6 : (By using “Less ... than”)

Positive	Comparative
Lazar is as strong as Lenin	Lenin is not less strong than Lazar

Model-7 : (By using “least”)

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Some boys in our class are at least as intelligent as Benjamin	Some boys in our class are not intelligent than Benjamin	Benjamin is not the most intelligent boy in our class

Comparisions and Contrasts

1. When we compare two objects, persons, qualities, degrees etc. tha tare some respects equal, we may use the comparion of equality. This is formed by the use of

as... adjective / adverb... as
eg. Your house is as large as mine.

2. When we compare unquals, we may use the comparative degree of the adjective or adverb with than

eg. His new book is more interesting than his earlier books

3. When the comparison is negative, we use

so... adjective / adverb... as
eg. Your house is not quite so large as mine.

4. In some adverbial clauses of comparison both subject and verb are dropped.

eg. He is more shy than (he is) unsocial.
Some people think more about their rights than (they do) about their duties.

5. In clauses of comparison introduced by than that ‘should’ is used.

eg. I am already to do the work myself rather than that you should have to do it.

6.Comparison and contrast are also expressed by the use of

the...the...with comparatives.
eg. The sooner you start, the sooner you’ll finish.
The more he read, the less he understood.

Degrees of Comparison More Examples:

I. Here more than two persons or things or places are compared. Matchless comparison comes in this type.

Superlative			Comparative		Positive
Iron is the most useful of all metals.			Iron is more useful than any other metal.		No other metal is so useful as iron.
Superlative		Comparative				Positive
Tom is the cleverest of all boys in the class.		Tom is cleverer than any other boy in the class.				No other boy in the class is so clever as Tom.
Superlative	Comparative			Positive
Rain water is the purest water.	Rain water is purer than any other water.			No other water is so pure as rain water.

II. Here more than two persons or things or places are compared. Generally this type is in plural form.

Superlative	Comparative		Positive
Paris is one of the busiest cities in England.	Paris is busier than most other cities in England.		Very few cities in England are as busy as Paris.
Positive		Comparative		Superlative
Very few animals are as fast as cheetah.		Cheetah is faster than most other animals.		Cheetah is one of the fastest animals.

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
Food ball is one of the most interesting games.	Foot ball is more interesting than most other games.	Very few games are as interesting as foot ball.

III. Here only two persons or things or places are compared. For this type there is no Superlative form

Comparative	Positive
Paris is hotter than England.	England is not so hot as Paris.

Positive	Comparative
John is as tall as David.	David is not taller than John.

Comparative	Positive
The Blue Mountain Express runs faster than the Green Express.	The Green Express does not run so fast as the Blue Mountain Express.

Complete the Sentences:

1. Very few books are read Harry Potter by children. (a) as much as (b) more than (c) the most
2. Life in the desert is than life in the mountains. (a) as dreary as (b) the dreariest (c) drearier
3. Honey is medicine. (a) as good as (b) better than (c) the best
4. School days are than college days. (a) as enjoyable as (b) more enjoyable (c) the most enjoyable
5. The coconut tree has any other tree. (a) as much uses as (b) more uses than (c) the most uses of
6. Dogs are as dolphins. (a) as friendly (b) more friendly (c) the most friendly
7. No other country sells number of cellphones as India after America. (a) as many (b) more (c) the most
8. Nursing is many other professions. (a) as noble as (b) nobler than (c) the most noble
9. Very few channels are watched by children the Cartoon Channel. (a) as much as (b) more than (c) the most
10. Black is the colour. (a) as dark as (b) darker than (c) darkest
11. Milk is diet. (a) so good as (b) better than (c) the best
12. Noodles is dish for children and youngsters. (a) so enjoyable as (b) more enjoyable than (c) the most enjoyable
13. We have not played any match as this. (a) so bad (b) worse (c) the worst
14. This road is the one in town. (a) as long as (b) longer than (c) longest

ICT ENGLISH LEARNING MAKE OUR KNOWLEDGE OPEN

Rabu, 13 April 2016

RELATIVE PRONOUNS